The term encompasses all human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelters and buildings to neighborhoods, cities, and supporting infrastructure. It includes homes, schools, workplaces, parks, transportation systems, energy networks, and communication facilities. These constructed spaces significantly influence human health, well-being, and social interactions.
Understanding these surroundings is critical for sustainable development, public health initiatives, and urban planning. Historically, the design and organization of these spaces have reflected societal values and technological capabilities. A well-designed environment promotes economic opportunity, social equity, and environmental sustainability, while poorly planned or maintained areas can lead to negative health outcomes, social isolation, and resource depletion.
