A fundamental unit of heredity, a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or, in some viruses, ribonucleic acid (RNA), that encodes instructions for building a specific protein or performing a specific function. These segments contain the necessary information for cells to synthesize proteins, which in turn perform a vast array of functions within an organism, from catalyzing biochemical reactions to providing structural support. For example, a specific DNA sequence might dictate the production of hemoglobin, a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells.
Understanding these hereditary units is crucial for comprehending inheritance patterns, disease mechanisms, and evolutionary processes. Historically, the concept has evolved from abstract ideas about inherited traits to a precise molecular definition. Identifying and characterizing these units allows researchers to develop diagnostic tools, targeted therapies, and strategies for improving crop yields and livestock health. The ability to manipulate these segments offers possibilities for treating genetic disorders and enhancing desirable traits.
