The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the exchange of goods, services, capital, people, and ideas across international borders constitutes a fundamental shift in spatial relations. This process integrates economies, cultures, and societies, fostering a global network. For instance, the proliferation of multinational corporations sourcing components from various nations and selling finished products worldwide exemplifies this integration.
This phenomenon has spurred economic growth by facilitating access to larger markets and cheaper labor, leading to increased efficiency and lower consumer prices. Cultural exchange has also been amplified, promoting understanding and innovation. Historically, advancements in transportation and communication technologies, such as containerization and the internet, have significantly accelerated this interconnectedness.