In economics, this term refers to all naturally occurring resources whose supply is inherently fixed. This encompasses not only the surface of the earth, but also all resources found above or below it, including mineral deposits, forests, water, and air. A prime example is agricultural soil used for cultivation; its inherent fertility and location contribute significantly to its value and productivity.
This factor of production is critical because it provides the foundation for all economic activity. It is the source of raw materials, the space for production facilities, and the basis for habitation and infrastructure. Historically, control and ownership of this resource have been central to economic power and societal structure, influencing patterns of wealth distribution and development. Its fixed supply underscores the importance of efficient allocation and sustainable utilization.