The term describes a political entity where the central authority exerts limited control across its territory. This lack of cohesive governance often results from internal divisions, weak institutions, and regional power centers operating autonomously or in competition with the national government. Somalia, particularly in the period following the collapse of its central government in the early 1990s, serves as a prominent illustration, characterized by clan-based factions vying for control and the absence of a unified national structure.
Such a condition hinders economic development, social progress, and effective international engagement. The absence of a strong, unified authority makes it difficult to establish the rule of law, enforce contracts, and provide essential public services. Furthermore, these conditions can foster instability, leading to internal conflict, humanitarian crises, and the creation of safe havens for criminal or extremist groups. Historically, the decline of empires and the aftermath of colonial rule have often given rise to this type of political landscape, presenting significant challenges to nation-building and stability.
